"Tekeli-li" or Hollow Earth Lives:
A Bibliography of Antarctic Fiction

by

Fauno Lancaster Cordes
355 Arballo Drive
San Francisco, California 94132-2156, USA
July 1993

Accessed at least times since 3 December 2006.

Click here to see Fauno preparing to 'cross the Alps' in 1954.

Click here for a talk Fauno gave at the University of San Francisco on March 12, 1995.

Based in part on a thesis entitled Winter Survival in the Antarctic as described by James Fenimore Cooper and submitted to the faculty of San Francisco State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in Geography, August 1991. Much of the Annotated Bibliography originated as Appendix 2 of the thesis.

Thesis copyrighted through University Microfilms International.

Updated: February 1999; 22 March 2000; 11 August 2000; 1 September 2000; 1 April 2001; 4 April 2001; 9 July 2001, 11 October 2001, 16 March 2002, 16 April 2002; 23 October 2002; 17 November 2002; 17 March 2003; 2 September 2003; 20 February 2004; 30 October 2004; 9 March 2005; 30 July 2005; 25 February 2006; 27 August 2006; 11 February 2007; 26 November 2007; 16 February 2008; 26 May 2008; 13 October 2008; 21 August 2009; and 11 January 2010 (Final, other than corrections).

FAUNO LANCASTER CORDES passed away on Christmas day in her San Francisco home at the age of 82. Fauno was born in San Francisco to Faun Hope Lancaster and Frederick Carl Cordes, M.D. She graduated from Miss Burke's School, the University of California, and later obtained a Masters degree from San Francisco State University. Her career included technical positions at the City of Hope, Oakridge National Laboratory, and University of California San Francisco. She retired as a nuclear medicine technologist from Mt. Zion Hospital. Fauno's interests included astronomy, model rocketry, and geography. She created and maintained an extensive, annotated bibliography of Antarctic fiction. This bibliography, known as Tekeli-li, is recognized worldwide as an authoritative source and has been cited by numerous published and online works. Fauno was a member of the Century Club of San Francisco, Society of Women Geographers, Explorers Club, Sigma Xi, and Alpha Phi. Fauno is survived by her sister Virginia Stout and nephew Frederick Gregory Stout of Marin County. Friends are invited to attend a memorial service on Tuesday, January 12, 2010 at 11:30 am at St Dominic's Catholic Church, 2390 Bush Street, San Francisco. A reception will follow in the church parish hall. Donations are suggested to Holy Name of Jesus Christ, 1559 39th Avenue, San Francisco.

PREFACE

I had been interested in Antarctic exploration for several years and had slowly accumulated a modest library of Antarcticana. Then my interest turned to Antarctic fiction. It really did all begin on a dark, foggy day in San Francisco in 1978 as I was down on my hands and knees browsing a low, dark shelf of the Melody Lane Bookshop. I found a copy of We Were There with Byrd at the South Pole by Charles S. Strong (1956), which was obviously juvenile fiction. It was only 50 cents, so I bought it even though it did not fit into my cataloging system. The book sat on my shelf virtually unnoticed until I remembered that I owned a set of works by Edgar Allan Poe (1946) which included "The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket" (1837). If there were two works of Antarctic fiction, then there must be more. It was with that thought that I began my search.

I had read Edge of the World: Ross Island, Antarctica by Charles Neider (1974) about three times because it appealed to me. On an impulse I wrote to him asking if he had ever considered writing an Antarctic novel. It seems that on the very day that he had received my letter he had been discussing an Antarctic novel that he had set aside several years before. It was he who suggested that I write an annotated bibliography which later became part of an Antarctican Society newsletter (Cordes 1983).

After several false starts, I finally decided to write the bibliography in chronological order because I could detect a pattern that I titled "The Emerging Face of a Continent". I received many letters in response with names of novels or short stories to help in my search for Antarctic fiction.

About four years later, I received a phone call from Jacob Chernofsky, editor and publisher of AB Bookman's Weekly, asking me to write an article for him, which was published the next year. I, then, received more helpful letters with names of novels and science fiction short stories. One of the letters was from Elizabeth Chipman, author and Antarctican, of Australia. She has sent me many books and suggestions and is a delightful correspondent.

About six years ago Barry Lopez, author and naturalist, gave a lecture at Indiana University, and Elena Glasberg stopped to talk to him afterwards and obtained my name and address. The result is that she and I still correspond and exchange information. I benefited enormously from her research for her thesis in progress, The Antarctic of the Imagination: American Authors' Exploration for the Last Continent, and I am grateful for her help.

I am deeply indebted to the University of San Francisco for special permission to use the Richard A. Gleeson Library after the Loma Prieta earthquake of October 1989 destroyed the interiors of my two primary resource libraries. Video cameras placed on the upper floors of the J. Paul Leonard Library of San Francisco State University revealed that the books were dumped on the floor and the metal shelves were twisted into trash. The Main San Francisco Public Library reported that about 300,000 books were tossed on the floor and the rest of the million plus volumes were put into storage until repairs were completed.

Without the interlibrary loan system network, this bibliography would not be possible. I am grateful for the diligence of the many librarians whose names I will never know.

In compiling the bibliography of Antarctic fiction, I decided to follow some personal ground rules:

• I must read all the tales myself. That, unfortunately, almost limited the items to those written in English or translated into English. I was fluent in French 40 years ago, so I have been able to manage an occasional book in French.

• I include the sub-Antarctic islands in my definition of "Antarctic".

• I exclude historical novels, autobiographical poetry, and children's penguin stories. These are really different fields and should be treated separately.

This monograph is an updated version of my original bibliography, "Appendix 2" of my thesis.
Margaret Smith of "The Last Word" has done my word processing since 1983.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to thank those who have been kind enough to give me titles to track down, translate passages and provide reference material. Without them, this project would have been quite a bit smaller.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

• Preface

• Acknowledgements

• Introduction

• An Annotated Bibliography of Antarctic Fiction

• Index of Place Names: Real and Imaginary

• Reference Bibliography

• Notes

INTRODUCTION

Antarctic fiction began in 1605 with publication of Mundus Alter Et Idem by Bishop Joseph Hall under the name of Mercurio Brittanico.[1] The genre of creating a southern continent inhabited by unknown peoples with what the author considered to be proper moral and political persuasions is a popular format which has lasted four hundred years.

With the discovery of the South Shetland Islands in 1819 by William Smith in the British brig "Williams", the authors of Antarctic fiction introduced a new genre: hollow earth, an idea which has lasted almost two hundred years.

At this point, I do not know the origin of the idea that Earth is hollow. I recently purchased a map which I later learned is page 170 from Mundus Subterraneus by Athanasius Kircher. There is a collection of books by Kircher in the Donohue Rare Book room of the Gleeson Library of the University of San Francisco, and I was able to examine a copy of the 1678 edition. There are two maps on page 170. The upper one is of the Arctic regions, and shows the water spiraling past Tartaria, Spitzberga, Groenlandia and America Borealis into a hole at the North Pole. The lower map of the Antarctic region shows the waters emerging from the South Pole and diffusing evenly throughout a landless Antarctic circle. Ben Watson, curator of the Donohue Rare Book Room, stated that Kircher was not known as a man of original ideas, but as a man who collected other people's ideas.

In 1692 Edmond Halley spoke before the Royal Society about "the change of the variation of the magnetical needle" and then published his ideas in the Society "Transactions". He proposed that the earth was hollow and contained subterranean waters and orbs that were habitable. At this point the trail of hollow earth fades and reappears 126 years later.

In April of 1818, former Captain U.S. Infantry John Cleves Symmes wrote: "The earth is hollow, habitable within; containing a number of concentrick spheres; one within the other, and that it is open at the pole twelve or sixteen degrees". This statement was sent to 500 institutions of higher learning and important government officials both in theUnited States and in Europe. This was the beginning of the Hollow Earth Theory which eventually lead to the presence of the United States government in the Antarctic (Mitterling 1959).[2]

In 1820 Symzonia, written by Captain Adam Seaborn in the tradition of Mundus, was published. However, the best was yet to come after Jeremiah N. Reynolds usurped the lecture circuits from Symmes who was becoming ill. Reynolds had a forceful enough personality to win a speaking engagement before the United States Hall of Representatives in 1836, and thereby attracted even greater public attention, including that of Edgar Allen Poe.

"The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket" was published in the January-February edition of the Southern Literary Messenger by Edgar Allen Poe in 1837. The cry "Tekeli-li" and the visions of a hollow earth became firmly implanted in the minds of fantasy fiction writers. Jules Verne and H.P. Lovecraft were among the many authors who responded to "Pym". Verne became obsessed with the idea of writing a sequel which he finally did in 1899 under the title Le Sphinx des Glâces.

The fascination with "Pym" continues. In 1979, Paul Theroux wrote a book about his journey from Boston to Patagonia by rail. He took several books, including "Pym", with him when he went to visit Jorge Luis Borges in Buenos Aires. Borges asked Theroux to read the last two chapters to him and clapped with delight at the end of the recitation.

Most of the books written in the nineteenth century are fantastic high adventures. The only realistic work during this period is The Sea Lions (1849) by James Fenimore Cooper which deals with fur sealing in the South Shetland Islands area.

In The Sea Lions, Cooper drew on his own personal experience as an American naval officer and a major owner of the whaler "Union" of Sag Harbor to tell a story of sealing in the Antarctic. His early interest in the polar regions is shown in his review of William Scoresby's books on "whale-fishery" and William Edward Parry's Arctic journal of 1819-1820 published in the Literary and Scientific Repository and Critical Review of January 1822. His friendship with the family of the American naval Antarctic explorer Charles Wilkes and the publicity of the British Franklin polar disaster kept that interest kindled throughout the rest of his life.

Towards the end of that life, Cooper finally drew upon his knowledge to produce what Fredericka Martin (1946) describes as "The most definitive and coherent description of a seal hunt". Unfortunately the merits of this novel have been overlooked because it was written as a romance of religious conversion.

For the reading public, the Antarctic "heroic age" begins with publication in 1900 of Frederick Cook's book Through the First Antarctic Night 1898-1899 and continues to the International Geophysical Year of 1958. Novels based on occurrences during historic expeditions and whaling adventures appear during this time, and there is a small series of excellent science fiction stories dealing with the Antarctic. John Martin Leahy wrote "In Amundsen's Tent" (1930) in which three explorers find a living horror in Amundsen's south polar tent. A. Hyatt Veril prefers to populate his region "Beyond the Pole" (1926) with lobster-like humanoids. H. P. Lovecraft introduces a two-million-year-old Palaeogean Megalopolis which lies at an altitude of 23,570 feet in At the Mountain of Madness (1936). But ask any sci-fi fan about a monster from outer space, that can change configuration at will, being loose on an Antarctic station and he or she will respond immediately: "The Thing!" This movie was based on the story "Who Goes There?" (1938) by John W. Campbell, Jr. and has become a classic horror film.

On February 9, 1947, Admiral Richard Byrd and his crew took off from Little America and flew the first airplane flight over the South Pole (Rose 1980). This was the highlight of Operation Highjump as far as the general public was concerned. In 1969, Raymond Bernard wrote The Hollow Earth, and the legend of "Admiral Byrd's discovery" took flight. With complete disregard to Operation Highjump, Bernard wrote:

Admiral Byrd was in Antarctica at that time. I assume that this quote refers to the Antarctic continent beyond the South Pole. It certainly was the "Great Unknown" at that time.

The last part of the twentieth century brought a dramatic change in Antarctic fiction: an increase in stories of worldwide catastrophe and tourism. The causes of worldwide catastrophe or alarm are many, from x-ray impulses from a deep space quasar (Airship Nine by Thomas Block, 1984) to a volcanic plume under the Ross Ice Shelf (Cold Sea Rising by Richard Moran, 1986). The effects vary from war to problems of ice. James Follett (Ice, 1977) envisions an 8,000 cubic mile portion of the ice cap breaking off from the continent, and traveling to the north Atlantic area. Crawford Kilian (Icequake, 1979) describes a massive surge of the ice cap.

The Antarctic as the cause of global disaster is not a new one. Peter Bishop (1989) speaks of The Abode of Snow written by Andrew Wilson in 1875.

Charles McCarry would probably be startled to learn that his book The Better Angels (1979) is listed on a bibliography of Antarctic fiction. It is a novel of Near East intrigue, but there are a few sentences devoted to noting the fact that the hero's children are touring the Antarctic on their stepfather's yacht. This is a rare mention of tourism by private means. Cruise ships are part of Hungry As The Sea (Wilbur Smith, 1978) and Storehouses of the Snow (Edwin Woodard and Heather Woodard Bischoff, 1980). John Gordon Davis uses a helium-filled airship to attempt to rescue tourists from a DC-10 crash on the Beardmore Glacier (Seize The Wind, 1985). Charles Neider has drawn upon his own experience of survival from a helicopter crash on Mt. Erebus in a novel about a tourist plane crash and helicopter crash on the volcano (Overflight, 1986).

It is Crispin Kitto who has drawn the curtain on Antarctica as a land of mystery. In The Antarctica Cookbook (1984), an East Hollywood chef obtains permission to build a summer home on Ross Island between the historic huts of Robert Scott and Ernest Shackleton.

As the century comes to a close, the cry "Tekili-li" is once more heard. After Richard Lupoff (1984) sent Charles Lindbergh, Amelia Earhart, and Howard Hughes on a circumpolar air race through the southern Symmes' Hole, Rudy Rucker (1990) took up his pen and sent Mason Reynolds, Jeremiah Reynolds and Edgar Allan Poe into the hollow Earth from the south polar regions.

Most of us are like Ian Wedde (1986), author of the novel Symmes Hole, who is content to dream about southern adventures from the safe distance of New Zealand. Perhaps there are one or two of us who occasionally shout "Tekili-li" in the privacy of our own homes.

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ANTARCTIC FICTION

A.F.M. "An Interview With An Emperor". Aurora Australis. Published at the Winter Quarters of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907, during the winter months of April, May, June, July, 1908.

Anonymous. Voyage de Robertson, Aux Terres Australes. Amsterdam: 1767. Translated from English.

Anonymous. Le Pôle Sud. Tours: Alfred Mame et Fils, 1898. Traduit de L'Anglais Par Harold.

Binder, Eando. Lords of Creation. Philadelphia: The Prime Press, 1949. Originally published: The Frank A. Munsey Co., 1939.

The Land That Time Forgot. New York: Ace Books, 1973. Originally published: Blue Book Magazine, August 1918.

The People That Time Forgot. New York: Ace Books, 1973. Originally published: Blue Book Magazine, October, 1918.

Out of Time's Abyss. London: Tandem, 1975. Originally published: Story Press Corp., 1918.

Gannett, Lewis. Magazine Beach. New York: Harper Paperbacks, 1996 (a hardcover book).

Gansky, Alton. Beneath the Ice. Ulrichsville: Barbour Publishing, Inc., 2004.

Garnier, Charles T. Voyages Imaginaires, Songes, Visions et Roman Cabalistiques, "La relation d'un voyage du Pôle Arctique au Pôle Antarctique par le centre du monde, avec la description de ce périlleux passage, et des choses merveilleuses & étonnantes qu'on a découvertes sous le Pôle Antarctique". A Amsterdam, et se trouve a Paris, Rue et Hotel Serpente, M. DDC LXXXVIII. Originally published: Amsterdam: Lucas 1721. Courtesy Elena Glasberg. Also published as: Anonymous. Relation D'un Voyage Du Pole Arctique Au Pole Antarctique Par Le Centre Du Monde. Paris: Chez Noel Pissot, 1723.

Hendry, Frances Mary. Atlantis. Oxford, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Hendry, Frances Mary. Atlantis in Peril. Oxford, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1999. First published in 1998.

Henrick, Richard P. Ice Wolf. New York: Harper Paperbacks, 1994.

Mawson, Douglas. "Bathybia". Aurora Australis: "published at the winter quarters of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907-1909, during the winter months of April, May, June, July, 1980. ..." (Chipman 1993).

Reeves-Stevens, Judith & Garfield. Icefire. New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, Tokyo, Singapore: Pocket Books, 1998.

Rockwood, Roy. Under the Ocean to the South Pole or The Strange Cruise of the Submarine Wonder. (The Great Marvel series). New York: Cupples & Leon Co., 1907.

Walker, Sage. Whiteout. New York: Tom Doherty Associates, Inc., 1996.

Eleanor Blanche D'Aere, heiress of The Lord Dogsworth, and Franklin Arden organize an expedition to the Antarctic to locate a canyon 500 miles east of Coat's Land. They discover a two hundred year old English colony of Christian fundamentalists and Anabaptists who are fighting each other.

Titles Only. Unconfirmed Antarctic Fiction.

Anonymous. Voyage au centre de la Terre, ou aventures de quelque naufrages dans des pays inconnus. 1821.

Kutter, Henry. "The Power and the Glory". 1947.

Neverov, Igar Mikhailovich. Antarctica: Stories and Tales. 1976.

Sanin, V. Seventy-Two Degrees Below Zero. 1975.

Uminski, W. Au Pôle sud en ballon.

Adapté du polonais par M. M. Hellé. Paris 1898 (?).

INDEX OF PLACE NAMES: REAL AND IMAGINARY

The coordinates are mostly from Goode's Atlas (1984), the CIA Polar Atlas (1978), United States Board on Geographic Names Gazetteer No. 14 (1956), United States Board on Geographic Names (1981, 1995), or Rubin's Antarctica (2000).

Adare, Cape: 71° 17'S, 170° 14'E. The northeastern extremity of Victoria Land and the eastern side of the entrance to Robertson Bay. Discovered in 1831 by the James Clark Ross expedition and named for Viscount Adare.

Adélie Land: 67° 00'S, 139° 00'E. Discovered in January, 1840, by Captain Jules Dumont d'Urville and named for his wife. The Adélie penguin is also named for the Captain's wife.

Advance Base: 80° 08'S, 163° 57'W. A meteorological residence hut occupied by Richard Byrd in 1934. As a result of equipment and ventilation problems, Byrd suffered from chronic carbon monoxide poisoning.

Aethiopicum, Mare: Ethiopian Sea, surrounding the island location of Christianopolis, which cannot be located accurately. The translator feels that the name was probably intended to imply "Sea of Stupidity". see Christianopolis.

Altruria: An imaginary land extending from somewhere near Europe to the southern polar regions.

America Borealis: North America.

Amundsen-Scott Station: see South Pole Station.

Andes, Cordillera de Los: This mountain chain is over 4,000 miles long along the Pacific Coast of South America.

The Antarctic: In 1902, Edwin Swift Balch wrote that the Antarctic is "the south polar region, including Bouvet and Kerguelen Islands and South Georgia". In 1951, Admiral Lord Mountevans (Teddy Evans of Scott's last expedition) wrote: "I think the little-navigated waters lying between 60° S and the Antarctic Circle itself might well be included in the Antarctic region". Article VI of the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 states: "The provisions of the present Treaty shall apply to the area south of 60° South Latitude, including all ice shelves..."

Antarctic Circle: 66° 30'S

Antarctic France: Part of Brazil in 1555.

Antarctic Ocean: The flowing together of the southernmost parts of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.

Antarctic Peninsula: 69° 30'S, 65° 00'W. This area was originally called Graham Land by the British and Palmer's Land by the Americans.

Antarctic Sea: see Antarctic Ocean.

Antarctica: an imaginary island within 10° of the South Pole (see Sir Julius Vogel).

Antarka: An imaginary name for the non-imaginary Antarctica.

Antipodes: A place or region on the opposite side of the Earth.

Anvers Island: 64° 33'S, 63° 35'W. Largest Island in the Palmer Archipelago off the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. Named in 1898 by Adrian de Gerlache for the province of Anvers (Antwerp), Belgium.

Atlantis: An imaginary land.

Atropos Island: An imaginary volcanic island in the Antarctic.

Auckland, New Zealand: 36° 51'S, 174° 45'E.

Aurora Islands: Edmund Fanning believed that these islands were discovered by Dirck Gerritzoon Pomp in 1599 and that they lay near 64° S. The "existence" of these islands was actually reported by Joseph de la Llana aboard "Aurora" at 53° S, 48° W in 1762. They have now been identified as Shag Rocks (53° 33'S, 42° 02'W) which lie about 115 miles WNW of South Georgia.

Austral Land: An imaginary globe attached to the south part of Earth.

Balleny Islands: 67° 00'S, 164° 60'E; 66° 55'S,163° 20'E. A group of glaciated volcanic islands lying about 150 miles north of the Oates Coast. Discovered in February 1839 by John Balleny and named in his honor by the British Admiralty.

Baltimore, Maryland: 39° 07'N, 76° 37'W.

Barrier: See Ross Ice Shelf.

Barry, England: 51° 24'N, 03° 15'W. A shipping town on the Bristol channel.

Bathybia: An imaginary land inside a Victoria Land volcanic crater. "I don't know what Bathybia means. My Shorter Oxford lists Bathybius - 'Zool. Huxley's name for a gelatinous substance found at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, and at first supposed to be a formless mass of living protoplasm, but now regarded as an inorganic precipitate'" (Chipman 1993).

Beardmore Glacier: 83° 45'S, 171° 00'E. A valley glacier with an average width of 12 miles and a length of 100 miles descending from the polar plateau to the Ross Ice Shelf. Discovered in December 1908 by Ernest Shackleton and named for the supporter of the expedition.

Bellingshausen Sea: A small body of water in about 71° S, 85° W.

Bencolo: An imaginary country at the South Pole.

Bennett's Island: "82° 50'S, 42° 20'W". An imaginary island. The coordinates are near the Dufek Massif in Ronne Land. There are real Bennett Islets at 66° 56'S, 67° 40'W, about 6 miles off the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula.

Bismarck Strait: 64° 51'S, 064° 00'W. Near Anvers Island. NAmed for Prince Otto von Bismarck in 1874.

Bolling Advance Base: see Advance Base.

Bovet Island (Bouvet Island): 54° 26'S, 03° 24'E, now known as Bouvetoya. Queen Maud Land is South of the island. It was discovered on January 1, 1739 by Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier but was not visited until 1898.

Brabant Island: 64° 15'S, 62° 20'W. An island 33 miles long and 20 miles wide in the Palmer Archipelago. Discovered in 1897-99 by the Adrien De Gerlache expedition and named for a province in Belgium.

Brindonaland: an imaginary land.

Buenos Aires, Argentina: 34° 36'S, 58° 27'W. Due south of the city is near King George Island 62° 00'S, 58° 15'W.

Cadiz, Spain: 36° 32'N, 06° 18'W.

Camp Digepol: An imaginary Argentine prison [on the Antarctic Peninsula] about twelve miles inland between the Bellingshausen and Weddell Seas.

Campbell Island: 52° 55'S, 169° 15'E. A semi-circular volcanic island 30 miles in circumference with a five-mile wide bay in the northwestern part.

Candlemas Island: 57° 03'S, 026° 40'W. The largest and easternmost of a small group of islands and rocks about 23 miles southeast of the South Sandwich Islands. They were discovered in February 2, 1775 by Captain James Cook.

Cantahar: An imaginary island about two thousand leagues south of South Africa (approimately 7,000 miles!?!) (Mangues and Guadalupi, 1987).

Cape of Good Hope: 34° 21'S, 018° 29'E. Tip of the peninsula south of Capetown.

Capetown, South Africa: 33° 48'S, 18° 28'E.

Caprona: An enormous imaginary collapse caldera within sight of Antarctic icebergs. Also known as Caspak.

Carmen Land: An area near the Queen Maud Range (86° 00'S, 160° 00'W) that was described by Roald Amundsen in 1911 and was found to be non-existent by Richard Byrd in November 19, 1929 (American Geographical Society of 1930, Byrd 1935).

Caspak: See Caprona.

Cerberus, Mt. 77° 26'S, 161° 53'. Named for the three-headed dog of Greek Mythology.

Christianopolis: A large imaginary city on an island "in the Antarctic Zone, 10 of the south pole, 20 of the equinoctial circle and 12 under the point of the bull".

Coat's Land: 77° 00'S, 27° 30'W. This area forms the eastern shore of the Weddell Sea, and was discovered during the 1902-1904 expedition of William S. Bruce. It was named for James Coats, Jr., and Major Andrew Coats, the chief supporters of the expedition.

Cold Corner Research Base: An imaginary research base. It is described as "400 odd miles south [of McMurdo] on the coastline". The coordinates are given as 21° 88'S, 144° 72' E. Perhaps the author (Jerome Preisler) was thinking of Mertz Glacier at 67° 31'S, 144° 45'E.

Colvocoresses Bay: 66° 21'S, 114° 38'E. The bay is 30 miles wide at the entrance and is filled with glacier tongues and icebergs. It is named for George W. Colvocoresses who sailed on the sloop "Vincennes" in 1838 under Captain Charles Wilkes.

Copenhagen, Denmark: 55° 43'N, 12° 27'E.

Corbie Island: an imaginary island near Kerguelen Island.

Cornwall: An area in the southwest of England.

Crozet Islands: 46° 00'S, 52° 00'E. Discovered by Marc Macé Marion-Dufresne on January 23, 1772.

Dannebrog Islands: 65° 03'S, 64° 08'W. Discovered by Dallmann in 1873-1874. Charted by Adrian de Gerlache in 1897-1899 and named by him in appreciation for support he received from Denmark.

Deception Island: 62° 57'S, 60° 38'W. A collapse caldera, about nine miles in diameter, that is still volcanically active. The name dates back to at least 1821 and refers to the narrow entrance to a large landlocked harbor. Many authorities declare that the island was discovered by Nathaniel Palmer, but there is no evidence to substantiate this idea. It has been used as a whaling factory base.

Desolation Island: An obsolete name for Kerguelen Island. On his second voyage south in 1773, de Kerguelen-Tremarc named his discovery "Land of Desolation" (Bertrand 1971), or "Isle of Desolation" (Mitterling 1959). On Christmas Day 1776, Captain James Cook and his expedition vessels "Resolution" and "Discovery" called at Kerguelen Island. A note in his log reads, "I could have properly called the island Desolation Island to signalize its sterility but in order not to deprive M. de Kerguelen of the glory of having discovered it, I called it Kerguelen Land" (Migot 1956). See: Kerguelen Island.

Desolation, Land of: Possibly refers to a small island at 62° 28'S, 60° 22'W near Livingston Island. It was discovered in 1820 by Edward Bransfield.

Devonshire, England. 50°N, 3°W

Diego Ramirez Islands: 56° 30'S, 68° 43'W. A small group of islands southwest of Cape Horn. 660 miles SSW of the islands is in the east coast area of the Antarctic Peninsula, an area that is generally inaccessible because of heavy pack ice.

Discovery Bay: An imaginary bay on the eastern end of the Ross Ice Shelf. As actual Discovery Bay, 62° 29'S, 59° 43'W, exists but on the northwest coast of Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands.

Discovery, Mount: 78° 22'S, 165° 01'E. An isolated volcanic cone at the head of McMurdo Sound. Discovered during the British Expedition of 1901-04 and named for the ship "Discovery".

Dougerthy Island: An imaginary island located between 40° and 50° S, and 110° and 120° W. Possibly named after the non-existent Dougherty Island "discovered" by Captain Dougherty aboard the whaler "James Stewart" on May 26, 1841. It was listed as late as 1943.

Drake Passage: A 500-mile long, 400-mile wide stretch of water between Cape Horn and the South Shetland Islands that joins the southern parts of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Dry Valleys (McMurdo Dry Valleys): 77° 30'S, 162° 00'E. A convenient name for the largest assemblage of ice-free features in Antarctica.

Dufek Massif: 82° 36'S, 52° 30'W. A large snow-covered massif. Discovered January 13, 1956 by a patrol flight of the United States Naval Operation Deep Freeze I and named for Admiral George Dufek.

Durmont D'Urville: 66° 40'S, 140° 01'E. A French research station.

East Hollywood, California: An imaginary town near Hollywood (34° 05'54"N, 118° 19'33"W).

Eden: A Biblical garden area possibly located near the southern border between Iraq and Iran. The name has become a generic term for an ideal place located on Earth (Asimov 1968).

Edith Ronne Ice Shelf: 78° 30'S, 61° 00'W. The larger and more westerly of the two major ice shelves at the head of the Weddell Sea is now known as the Ronne Ice Shelf. The area was discovered by Commander Finn Ronne, USNR, leader of the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition who named it "Edith Ronne Land" for his wife, one of the first two women to winter-over in the Antarctic.

Edward VII Peninsula: See King Edward VIII land.

Elephant Island: 61° 10'S, 55° 14'W. An island about 28 miles long and about 15 miles wide in the eastern part of the South Shetland Islands. The island became noteworthy when the men from Ernest Shackleton's "Endurance" expedition were stranded there in 1916. The name dates back to at least 1821.

Ellsworth Highland: 80° 30'S, 94° 00'W. That part of Antarctica extending SSW from the base of the Antarctic Peninsula. Boundaries are undefined.

Emerald Island: Located at 57° 30'S, 162° 12'E on early nineteenth century maps. It was "discovered" on December 1821 by C. J. Nockells aboard "Emerald". It was later disproved by Charles Wilkes aboard "Vincennes" on January 9, 1840. Amundsen mentions that Emerald Island is still on charts of the South Pacific and that Shackleton's ship "Nimrod" sailed right over the location. The island appears on maps in the Soviet Atlas of the Pacific Ocean of 1974. (Mitterling 1959, Walker 1842, Roberts 1958, Amundsen 1912, Stommel 1984).

Enderby Land: 67° 30'S, 53° 00'E. A projecting land mass of the Antarctic Continent extending from 045° 00'E to 57° 20'E. It was discovered in 1831 by John Biscoe aboard "Tula" and was named for the sealing firm of Enderby Brothers of London.

Erebus, Mount: An active volcano about 13,200 feet in altitude forming the summit of Ross Island at 77° 35'S, 167° 10'E. Discovered January 27, 1841 by James Clark Ross aboard "Erebus".

Falkland Islands: 51° 45'S, 59° 00'W. Also called Islas Malvinas.

Foundation Glacier: An imaginary name presumably for the Foundation Ice Stream at 83° 15'S, 60° 00'W. The Ice Stream was named for the National Science Foundation by the US-ACAN.

Freeport, New York: 40° 39'N, 73° 35'W.

Fuego: see Terra del Fuego.

George V Coast: The coastal portion of Antarctica lying between 142° 02'E and 153° 00'E at 68° 30'S. Named for King George V of England by Douglas Mawson in 1913.

Georgia Islands: See South Georgia Island.

Gondwana: An imaginary name in present day Antarctica.

Gondwanaland: A paleogeographic term to denote a supercontinent assemblage containing the present day land masses of South America, Africa, Antarctica, Peninsular India, Australia, and New Zealand (Boucot and Gray 1983).

Good Hope, Cape of, South Africa: 34°21'S, 18°29'E.

Gough Island. 340 km southeast of Tristan da Cunha Island in the Atlantic Ocean.

Gow Island. 60°155'S, 100°16'W [sic]. An imaginary island.

Graham Land: 66° 00'S, 63° 30'W; originally the British name for the area now considered the northern part of the Antarctic peninsula. Named for Sir James R. G. Graham, First Lord of the Admiralty by John Biscoe aboard "Tula" in 1831.

Greenland: 50° 45'N to 83° 39'N, 11° 40'W to 73° W. The World's largest island.

Greenwich Island: 62° 31'S, 59° 47'W. In the South Shetland Islands. The name goes back to 1821.

Groenlandia: 50° 45'N to 83° 39'N, 11° 40'W to 73° W. The World's largest island.

Hagreb: An imaginary Middle Eastern country.

Hesperies Island: An imaginary island located between 40° and 50° S, and 110° and 120° W. Possibly named for the land occupied by the Hesperides, guardians of the golden apples.

Hayward Station: An imaginary Antarctic station located at a latitude where deep winter begins on 28th April.

Hili-li: An imaginary island near the south polar continent.

Himalaya Mountains: Approximately 75° E-96° E, 36° N-28° N.

Hooker, Mount: 78° N 04'S, 162° N 42'E. Discovered (1901-1904) in Victoria Land and named for Sir Joseph Hooker.

Horn, Cape: Also known as the Horn: approximately 55° 59'S 67° 16'W. Located on an island off the tip of South America and marking the northern limits of Drake Passage. The waters are considered among the most dangerous in the world and many ships have been lost while "rounding the Horn".

Ice Base Orion: An imaginary American Base 1500 miles from McMurdo Station and 400 miles from Vostok Base.

Inaccessible Mountain: An imaginary mountain of unknown location.

Ingrid Christensen Coast: 69° 30'S, 77° 00'E. Discovered by a Norwegian expedition in 1935 and named for the wife of Lars Christensen who sailed south with her husband.

Intermere: An imaginary place south of 40° S.

Island in the Mist: An imaginary island located where the south Equatorial current of the South Indian Ocean mingles with the Antarctic current.

Isola: An imaginary land of unknown location.

Kaatskills (Catskill Mountains): Approximately 74° 30'N, 42° 30'W.

Kelvinator Station: An imaginary U.S. Naval Station in Antarctica.

Kerguelen Island: 49° 15'S, 069° 10'E. Discovered on February 12, 1772 by Yves Joseph de Kerguelen-Tremarec aboard "Fortune". Noted as the home of the Kerguelen cabbage, which was known among the early sealers for its anti-scorbutic properties (Bertrand 1971, Law and Bechervaise, 1957).

King Edward VII Land: 77° 40'S, 155° 00'W. A large peninsula now known as Edward VII Peninsula.

King George Island: 62° 00'S, 58° 15'W. About 43 miles long and 16 miles wide lying in the South Shetland Islands. Named about 1820 for the reigning king of England.

Kleopatraland: An imaginary land.

Kronprinsesse Euphemia Land: An imaginary Antarctic land.

"Ladrones": There are two possible locations for these presumed islands. 1) Islands 18 miles southeast of Macau (22° 00'N, 113° 00'E) in the South China Seas. 2) A large group of islands discovered in 1521 by Fernando Magellan who named them the Ladrones. They were renamed the Marianas (13° 25'N, 20° 32'N; 144° 45' - 144° 54'E) by Spanish Jesuit priests who arrived in 1668.

Lastfoundland: An imaginary area.

Leaphigh: The imaginary Antarctic homeland of Monikins.

Lemaire Channel: 65° 04'S, 63° 57'W. Separates the Dannebrog Islands from the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. Discovered in 1873-74 by Eduard Dallmann aboard "Gronland". Named in December 1898 by Adrian de Gerlache aboard "Belgica" for C. Lemaire, a Belgian explorer of the Congo.

Limanora: An imaginary island in the southern regions.

Little America: This area on the Ross Ice Shelf between the Bay of Whales and Roosevelt Island has been the home of five American expeditions under Richard Byrd, 1929-30, 1934-35, 1940-41, 1946-47, 1956-59, the Framheim of Roald Amundsen, 1910-12, and the "Kainan Maru" expedition of 1911-12 under Choku Shirase. The area is now floating north, having calved from the ice shelf in 1987 as an iceberg 98 miles long, 25 miles wide, and 750 feet thick (Anonymous 1987, Dalrymple 1989).

Livingston Island: 62° 36'S, 60° 30'W. About 37 miles long and from five to 19 miles wide in the South Shetland Islands. The name Livingston has been in general usage since about 1820.

London, England: 51° 30'48"N, 00° 5'48"W.

LV Research Station: An imaginary base located 40 miles north of Vostok Station.

Macquarie Islands: 54° 62'S, 158° 97'E. A group of one large island and a few isles first sighted on July 11, 1810, by Captain Frederick Hasselburgh of Sydney, Australia (Rubin 1996).

Madrid, Spain: 40° 25'N, 03° 40'W.

Marie Byrd Land: A vast area of the Antarctic continent extending from approximately 150° W to 100° W and from approximately 73° S to 85° S.

Marion Island: 46° 97'S, 37° 58'E. An island in the Prince Edward group. Discovered on January 18, 1772, by Marc Macé Marion-Dufresne.

Marsbase: An imaginary base located in Wright Valley.

McMurdo Sound: 77° 30'S, 165° 00'E. A sound lying between Ross Island and Victoria Land. Discovered in February 1841 by the British Ross expedition and named for Lt. Archibald McMurdo of "Terror".

McMurdo Station: 77° 51'S, 166° 40'E. An American base located on Ross Island. McMurdo Sound was discovered in February 1841 by James Clark Ross and was named for his lieutenant, Archibald McMurdo of "Terror".

Megapatagonia: An imaginary archipelago situated between Tierra del Fuego and Antarctica.

Melbourne, Australia: 37° 50'S, 144° 68'E.

Mensa Station: 83° 08'S, 163° 57'W. An imaginary American scientific base.

Messina, Strait of, Italy: 38° 10'N, 15° 34'E.

Montagu Island: 58° 25'S, 26° 20'W. A small island in the South Sandwich group. Named in 1775 for John Montagu, the fourth Earl of Sandwich and First Lord of the Admiralty.

Mu: A legendary continent that supposedly sank to the bottom of the Pacific Ocean.

Mugu, Point: In California, near Ventura at approximately 34° N, 119° W.

Muiaia: An imaginary land in the hollow Earth.

Mulock Glacier: 79°19'S, 160° 00'E. Northwest corner of the Ross Ice Shelf. Named with Mulock Inlet for George F. A. Mulock, RN surveyor National Antarctic Exepdition (1901-1904).

Mulock Glacier: 79°00'S, 160° 00'E. "A large glacier draining ESE into Mulock Inlet in the NW corner of the Ross Ice Shelf. Named by NZAPC."

Murchison, Mount: 67° 19'S, 144° 15'E. A mountain on the George V Coast. Discovered in 1912 by Douglas Mawson and named for Roderick Murchison of Melbourne, Australia.

Neuroomia: An imaginary southern continent.

New Sidney: The imaginary site of a beryllium mining operation south of Little America.

New South Shetland: See South Shetland Islands.

New York, New York: 40° 43'N, 74° 01'W. The term New York City is no longer in common use.

Noen, Mt.: An imaginary active volcano.

Nolevatol: An imaginary outer planet of the solar system.

Oates Land: 69° 30'S, 159° 00'E. Now known as Oates Coast. It was discovered in February 1911 by Harry Pennell aboard "Terra Nova" and was named for Lawrence E. G. Oates who perished with Robert Falcon Scott in 1912 on the return trip from the South Pole.

Oceania: A term often used to denote Pacific Ocean islands south of the Equator.

Orkney Islands: 60° 35'S, 45° 30'W. Now known as the South Orkney Islands. A group of two larger and several smaller mountainous islands. Discovered in December 1821 by George Powell aboard "Dove" and Nathaniel Palmer aboard "James Monroe". They were later explored by James Weddell in 1823 who used the name South Orkney Islands on his chart.

Pacific Antarctic Ridge: 45°S, 110°W. 1400 kilometers west of South America. See Charles Sheffield.

Palmer Archipelago: 64° 15'S, 62° 50'W. A group of islands lying northwest of the Antarctic Peninsula and separated from the mainland by narrow straits. Brabant and Anvers Islands are included in the group.

Palmer Station: 64° 46'S, 64° 03'W. An American research station located on Anvers Island. Named for Nathaniel Palmer who, on November 20, 1820, was the first American to glimpse the Antarctic Continent.

Palmer's Land: 71° 30'S, 65° 00'W. Now considered the southern part of the Antarctic Peninsula. See: Palmer Station.

Petrel Island: An imaginary island north of the Ross Sea. There is a Petral Island at 66° 40'S, 140° 01'E. Dynamite Island (formerly Petral Island) is located at 68° 11'S, 67° 00'W.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 40° N, 75° 9'W.

Poles:

North: 90° 00'N.
South Geomagnetic: 78° 30'S, 111° 00'E.
South Magnetic: 72° 25'S, 155° 16E - 1909. 69° 00'S, 141° 00'W - 1959. 65° 48'S, 139° 24'E - 1975.
South: 90° 00'S. Port Deception: Location of an imaginary whaling factory probably on Deception Island.

Port St. Julian (San Julian), Argentina: 49° 20'S, 67° 45'W.

Pram Point: 77° 51'S, 166° 45'E. Located on Ross Island. It was discovered during the Scott Expedition of 1901-1904.

Prince Edward Islands: 46° 60'S, 38° 00'E. See Marion Island.

Princess Astrid Coast: 70° 45'S, 12° 30'E. Part of Queen Maud Land, named for a Princess of Norway in March 1931.

Prozet Islands: See Crozet Islands.

Prydz Bay: 69° 00'S, 75° 00'E. Explored in February 1935 by the Norwegian "Thorshaven" expedition. Named for Olaf Prydz, general manager of the Hvalfangernes Assuranceforening, Sandefjord, Norway.

Pyrenees Mountains: 43° 00'N, 00° 05'E.

Queen Maud Land: 72° 30'S, 12° 00'E. A part of Antarctica lying adjacent to Enderby Land. Discoverd in 1930 by a whaler sailing with Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen.

Queen Maud Range: See Carmen Land.

Radiopolis: An imaginary city in Russia.

Revi-Lona: An imaginary land beyond the southern polar wall.

Robertson Bay: 71° 25'S, 170° 00'E. A bay about 23 miles wide and 25 miles long lying off Cape Adare. It was discovered in 1841 by James Clark Ross who named it for Dr. John Robertson, surgeon aboard "Terror".

Rockefeller Plateau: 80° 00'S, 135° 00'W. A portion of the interior ice plateau discovered by Admiral Byrd in 1934.

Ronne Land: See Edith Ronne Ice Shelf.

Roosevelt Island: 79° 25'S, 162° 00'W. An island about 90 miles long and 40 miles wide lying in the eastern part of the Ross Ice Shelf. Discovered by Admiral Richard Byrd and named for Franklin Roosevelt, President of the United States of America.

Ross Ice Shelf: 81° 30'S, 175° 00'W. A vast ice shelf about the size of France, and occupying the entire south part of the Ross Sea. Discovered by James Clark Ross on January 28, 1841 aboard "Erebus".

Ross Island: 77° 30'S, 168° 00'E. An island about 43 miles long, and 45 miles wide located at the outer western edge of the Ross Ice Shelf. It was discovered in 1902 by Robert Falcon Scott and named for James Clark Ross.

Ross Sea: A large embayment of the Pacific Ocean in about 75° S, 175° W, including the Ross Ice Shelf.

Rotterdam, The Netherlands: 51° 55'N, 04° 29'E.

Sag Harbor, New York: 41° N, 72° 20'W approximately.

San Francisco, California: 37° 46'30"N, 122° 25'06"W.

Sandfjord, Norway: 62° 15'N, 05° 28'E.

Sardanes: An imaginary kingdom lying south of the Ross Sea.

Saunders Island: 57° 47'S, 26° 27'W. An arc-shaped island in the South Sandwich group. Named in 1775 for Sir Charles Saunders, First Lord of the Admiralty.

Scott Base: Located on Pram Point, Ross Island.

Seattle: In Washington State at 47° 36'N, 122° 20'W.

Sevilla, Spain: 37° 02'N, 6° 01'W.

Seymour Island: 64° N 17'S, 56° N 45'W. The north end of the island was sighted by Captain James Ross on January 6, 1843, and was named for Right Admiral George Francis Seymour. The entire island has been included under the name Seymour since 1893.

Shag Rocks: 53° 33'S, 42° 02'W. See Aurora Islands.

Shirreff Cove: 62° 28'S, 60° 48'W. A cove on the north side of Livingston Island. Named after Capt. William Shirreff by Edward Bransfield in 1820.

Siberia, Russia: A vast region which covers the northern third of Asia. It extends from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, and from the Arctic Ocean to Kazakhstan.

Signy Island: 60° N 43'S, 45° N 38'W. Located in the South Orkney Islands, the island was named for Signy Sørlle, wife of the captain of the Norwegian whale-catcher "Palmer".

Silver Sea: An imaginary body of water near Enderby Land.

Sinai mountain chain: An imaginary Antarctic mountain.

Snowland: An imaginary name for the Antarctic.

South Georgia Island: 54° 15'S, 36° 45'W. An island about 105 miles long and 20 miles wide. It is generally accepted that the island was sighted by Antonio de la Roche aboard an English merchant vessel in 1675. The island was explored and charted in January 1775 by James Cook and named for King George III of Great Britain.

South Orkney Islands: See Orkney Islands.

South Pole Station: 90° S. See Amundsen-Scott Station.

South Sandwich Islands: 57° 45'S, 26° 30'W. A chain of volcanic islands in the northern part of the Weddell Sea. They were discovered in 1775 by Captain James Cook who named them "Sandwich Land" after the fourth Earl of Sandwich.

South Seas: A popular term for that part of the Pacific Ocean south of the Equator.

South Shetland Islands: 62° 00'S, 58° 00'W. A group of islands lying just north of the Antarctic Peninsula. Discovered and named in 1819 by William Smith aboard "Williams".

South Victoria Land: Obsolete name for Victoria Land. See Victoria Land.

Southern Cross, Republic of: An imaginary country in the southern polar region.

Southern Ocean: See Antarctic Ocean.

Southern Thule Islands: 59° 26'S, 027° 12'W. Three small islands at the southern end of the South Sandwich Islands. See Thule Island.

Spitzberga (Spitzbergen Island): 76° 34'-80° 50'N, 10° 31'-27° 10'E.

Stewart Island, New Zealand: 46° 56'S, 167° 40'E.

Sturge Island: 67° 28'S, 164° 38'E. About 27 miles long and eight miles wide; the largest of the Balleny group. Discovered in February 1839 by John Balleny who named it for T. Sturge, a merchant united with Enderby Brothers. See: Balleny Islands, Enderby Coast.

Sub-Pacific Bases: Imaginary bases under the floor of the Pacific Ocean.

Symmes' Hole: The imaginary openings to the hollow Earth located at the North and South Poles. Named for Capt. John Symmes who proposed the Hollow Earth Theory in 1818.

Symzonia: An imaginary land inside the hollow Earth.

Tangier, Morocco: 35°47'N, 5°47'W.

Tartaria (Tartary in Asia): 35° N-55° N.

Terra del Fuego: 52° 27'-55° 59'S, 65° -74° 45'W. Properly known as Tierra del Fuego. A large island off the southern coast of South America and considered part of the continent.

Terror, Mount: 77° 31'S, 168° 32'E. An extinct volcano about 10,750 feet in altitude and 20 miles east of Mt. Erebus on Ross Island. Discovered in January 27, 1841 by James Clark Ross aboard "Erebus" and named for his companion ship "Terror".

Thompson Island: "Discovered" near Bouvet Island and charted on December 13, 1825 by George Norris aboard "Sprightly". It was sighted 68 years later by Joseph J. Fuller aboard "Francis Allyn". In 1928-29 Ola Olstad and Nils Larsen with the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition declared that the island did not exist. It is postulated that the island was destroyed by a volcanic explosion during 1895 or 1896.

Thule Island: 59° 27'S, 27° 19'W. One of the Southern Thule Islands. Discovered by James Cook in 1775.

Tierra del Fuego: See Terra del Fuego.

Tolive: An imaginary outer planet of the solar system.

Tom Thumb Glacier: An imaginary glacier.

Tristan da Cunha Island: 37° 6'S, 12° 15'W in the Atlantic Ocean.

Tyree, Mount: 78° 24'S, 85° 55'W. About 8 miles N.W. of the Vinson Massif (78° 35'S, 86° 25'W). Discovered in January 1958 by the United States Naval Squadron UX-6. Named for Admiral David Tyree, USN, Commander USN support force in Antarctica from April 14, 1959, to November 26, 1962.

Utopia: An imaginary land whose name has become a generic term for an ideal society.

Valparaiso, Chile: 33° 2'S, 71° 41'W.

Vespugia: An imaginary South American country.

Victoria Land: 74° 15'S, 163° 00'E. That part of the Antarctic continent which fronts on the west side of the Ross Sea. It was discovered in 1841 by James Clark Ross and named by him for Queen Victoria.

Vinson Massif: 78° 35'S, 085° 25'W. 13 miles long, 8 miles wide; at 15,240 feet altitude, this is the highest elevation in Antarctica. Discovered in January 1958 (see: Tyree, Mount) and named for Representative Carl Vinson of Georgia, Chairman of the House Armed Service Affairs Committee 1935-1961.

Vostok Base: 78° 28'S, 106° 48'E. A Soviet research station.

Vostok Lake: A subglacial lake approximately 170 miles long and 30 miles wide located in the Antarctic highland. Vostok Station is at its southern border.

Vostok Station: 78° 28'S, 106° 48'E. A Russian research station.

Waterboat Point: 64° 91'S, 62° 51'W, named by T. W. Bagshawe and M. C. Lester who lived there in 1921-1922.

Weddell Mountains: Imaginary Antarctican mountainchain.

Weddell Sea: An ice-filled sea centered at 72° 00'S, 45° 00'W. Discovered by James Weddell in 1823 and named by Karl Fricker in 1900.

Whales, Bay of: 78° 30'S, 164° 20'W. A natural harbor indenting the Ross Ice Shelf. Discovered by Ernest Shackleton on January 24, 1908. See Little America.

Wilkes Land: 69°S, 120° 00'E. Named for Rear Admiral Charles Wilkes of the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838-1842.

Windless Bight: 77° 45'S, 167° 40'E. South of Ross Island, it is an area of the Ross Ice Shelf.

Wood Bay: 74° 13'S, 165° 30'E. Located in Victoria Land. Discovered in 1841 by James Clark Ross and named for his lieutenant James F. L. Wood.

Wright Valley: 77° 31'S, 161° 50'E. One of the "dry valleys" of Victoria Land. It was named for Sir Charles Wright.

Yu-Atlanchi: An imaginary location in South America.

Zenaland: An imaginary land.

Zero: An imaginary city at the South Pole.

Zvezdny: The imaginary capital of the Republic of the Southern Cross.

The following coordinates are used by authors of fiction who are cited in the Annotated Bibliography of Antarctic Fiction.

"38° E": Six days out of Capetown, eight days from "Zero", 2500 miles from destination: possibly near the Prince Edward Islands. See J. F. C. Westerman.

"40° S": Possibly near Gough Island. See William Taylor.

"55th Meridian": East of the Antarctic Peninsula or Enderby Land. See Jules Verne.

"58° S, 60° W": Open water near King George Island. See Charles Dickens.

"61° 32'14"S, 59° 30'10"W": Near King George Island. See Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child.

"64° S": Off the west coast of the Antarctic peninsula. See Jack London.

"65° S": Near Lemaire Channel. See Peter Prospero.

"66° N 17'S, 110° N 31'W": An area of the Southern Ocean just south of the Antarctic and north of the Amundsen Sea. See Randall Parrish.

"66.5° N S, 115° N 20'20"E": An area near Colvocoresses Bay. See Matthew Reilly.

"67° S": Near Marie Byrd Land. See Daniel Defoe.

"67° 30'S, 77°10'E": Open water in Prydz Bay off the Ingrid Christensen Coast. See Dennis Wheatley.

"70° S, 10° E": Pack ice off the Princess Astrid Coast. See A. Hyatt Veril.

"71° S": Possibly near Cape Adare at 170° E. See Albert Bigelow Paine.

"71° 8'S: The Bellingshausen Sea is a possible location. See Charles T. Garnier.

"72° 16'S, 32° 12'W": Open water near the Weddell Sea. See Wilbur Smith.

"76° 15'S, 113° 10'E": On the continental plateau near Vostok Station and the South Geomagnetic Pole. See H. P. Lovecraft.

"81° 50'S, 143° W": Near Rockefeller Plateau. See H. B. Marriott Watson.

"82° 45'S, 150° W": On Marie Byrd Land near the Ross Ice Shelf. See Gustavus W. Pope.

"82° 50'S, 42° 20'W": Near Edith Ronne Land. See Edgar Allen Poe.

"83° 3'S": On the Antarctic Peninsula. See Captain Adam Seaborn.

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NOTES

1. In footnote 2 on page XXIII of the Harvard University Press edition of 1937, Huntington Brown states: "The only written work I have noticed which is concerned with Terra Australis from any but the narrowly geographical point of view before Mundus alter et idem was a missionary proposal by a Spanish gentleman, Dr. Luis Arias, entitled A Memorial addressed to his Catholic Majesty Philip the Third, King of Spain, Respecting the Exploration, Colonization and Conversion of the Southern Land.--R. H. Major, Early Voyages to Terra Australis (London, 1859), pp. 1-30. The New fond worlde or Antartike by Andre Thevet (English transl. London, 1568) is, in fact, not concerned with the Antarctic, but simply with America".

"LIGHT GIVES LIGHT, TO LIGHT DISCOVER--'AD INFINITUM'.

ST. LOUIS, (Missouri Territory,)
North America, April 10, A.D. 1818.

TO ALL THE WORLD!

I declare that earth is hollow, and habitable within; containing a number of solid concentrick spheres, one within the other, and that it is open at the poles 12 or 16 degrees; I pledge my life in support of this truth, and am ready to explore the hollow, if the world will support and aid me in the undertaking.

      Joe Cleves Symmes (signature)
      Of Ohio, late Captain of Infantry.

N.B.--I have ready for the press, a Treatise on the principles of matter, wherein I show proofs of the above positions, account for various phenomena, and disclose Doctor Darwin's Golden Secret.

My terms, are the patronage of this and the new worlds.

I dedicate to my Wife and her ten Children.

I select Doctor S. L. Mitchell, Sir H. Davy and Baron Alex. de Humboldt, as my protectors.

I ask one hundred brave companions, well equipped, to start from Siberia in the fall season, with Reindeer and slays, on the ice of the frozen sea; I engage we find warm and rich land, stocked with thrifty vegetables and animals if not men, on reaching one degree northward of latitude 82; we will return in the succeeding spring.       J. C. S."

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